Category Archives: BiomedNews

Nanotechnology’s been around forever. And…?

Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology (Photo credit: podbay)

Nanotechnology has been around for thousands of years, says Nanofilm CEO Scott Rickert in an article for Virtual Strategy Magazine. He wonders how it got tagged as something new and unknown – and therefore, impliedly, worth being careful with.

Stating, as Mr. Rickert does, that nanoparticles have been around for four thousand years, and that humans have, for the most part completely unknowingly, been using nanotechnology for things like fighting bacteria, does not a defense make that using nanotechnology for any purpose is inherently and automatically safe.

After all, it’s well known that asbestos, which occurs naturally in pockets all over the world, has been being used by humans for thousands of years. Flame-proofing tablecloths was just one of the reasons ancient Romans used asbestos. And yet early history reports Roman  slaves who worked with the material as sickening and dying of respiratory problems. Yet science didn’t make the definitive connection between asbestos fibers and deadly diseases of the lungs until the early 20th century.

Asbestos fibres - a single fibre is believed t...
Asbestos fibres – a single fibre is believed to cause mesothelioma (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

When you consider it can take 20, 30 or even 50 years for the effects of asbestos fibers to result in killer diseases like mesothelioma, asbestosis and other cancers, it’s easy to see how companies that stand to make a mint from  manufacturing such a  material might be hesitant to publish any evidence that working with the material can eventually lead to disability and death.

It costs big money to put appropriate safety measures in place to protect workers from inhaling or ingesting the type of sub-microscopically tiny fibers that make up asbestos and nanotubes and fibers. And there’s plenty of evidence now that certain nanomaterials are indeed made up of the same-sized fibers as asbestos.

While no one wants to stop science from continuing to research what wonderful things we can do with nanomaterials, no one on the other hand needs to make a killing – financially or otherwise – by taking on such work and sacrificing workers’ health in order to make a bigger profit.

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Nitric oxide – the natural anti-aging compound?

Oh, I like this one.  A new study says nitric oxide is not only good for cardiovascular health but can actually prolong life. As regular readers know, nitric oxide is one of my favorite blog topics.

Leaves and flower of Watermelon, Citrullus lan...
Leaves and flower of Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus, Citrullus vulgaris…Hoa và lá c?a dây d?a H?u … (Photo credit: Vietnam Plants & America plants)

A huge percentage of the Google News alerts I get about NO focus mainly on the hype among bodybuilders about taking NO to get bigger muscles and among aging males about taking it for better erections.

While NO can be helpful for those things (yes, it plays a big part in Viagra), this study seems to show that it actually contributes to longer life by signaling genes to go easy on the aging process. Granted the initial experiments were with roundworms, but hey, we gotta start somewhere.

The first question I had was, of course, what can we eat to improve our NO concentration? Here’s what the article says about the two substances that are needed to create NO:

L-Arginine is found in fish such as tuna, shrimp, scallops and anchovies. It can also be found in pine nuts, almonds, pistachios, oats and wheat germ. Citrulline can be found in vegetables called cucurbits, such as cucumbers and cantaloupe. Watermelon contains the highest level of natural Citrulline. Natural, whole food sources of both L- Arginine and Citrulline can also be found in some nutritional supplements.

And here’s a doctor’s simplified explanation of what things work together to facilitate production of NO in our bodies. Are you surprised that they all point toward fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts and lean protein sources?

I’m game. Watermelon, anyone?

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IBM nanogel explodes bacterial invaders – could replace antibiotics

According to a report on Britain’s Daily Mail website, computer giant IBM announced the discovery of a radical new nano-gel that “attacks microbial biofilms” (bacteria groups that stick together in diseased cells and are present in 80% of all infections). 
These bacterial biofilms are often resistant to antibiotics, which has allowed nature to develop super-resistant bacteria. IBM believes its new gel may eventually replace the use of antibiotics – and eventually lead to eliminating modern-day hospital superbugs.
Staphylococcus on catheter
Staphylococcus on catheter (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Antibiotics continue to become less effective. And while bleach and alcohol still can kill germs on surfaces, they don’t often work well in  applications involving human tissue.
IBM and The Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology teamed up to address these issues by developing this new synthetic hydrogel, reports Bloomberg BusinessWeek. They say the gel is “the first-ever to be biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic” – and is exactly what’s needed to begin protecting hospital workers, visitors and patients from serious infection.

Considered a radically new hydrogel, this substance, when applied to contaminated surfaces, results in its “positive charge attract[ing] all negatively charged microbial membranes, like powerful gravitation into a black hole.” 

But whereas “most antibiotics and hydrogels target the internal machinery of bacteria to prevent replication,” this gel kills by disrupting cell membranes (exploding cells) – a method that doesn’t allow the bacteria to develop resistance.

This sounds incredibly promising – another moment when human discoveries may save us from decreasing effectiveness of previous inventions. Having just read an article about how using anti-bacterial soaps sends more “stuff” out into the world that helps bacteria develop resistance, I’m especially excited to hear this method of fighting bacteria will not contribute to that problem.
Cross your fingers that this discovery can be followed through quickly and made available before you need, say, open-heart or joint replacement surgery. It’s hell to have to worry you might recover fine from your operation but die of an infection you caught in the hospital.
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Christmas tree needles can deliver nanocoatings that sterilize medical implants

Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) buds
Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) buds (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Ho, ho, ho, nano. Santa Claus dropped off news of a study in India that shows the needles from your Christmas tree may be useful to sterilize nano medical devices.

Scientists used extract of Douglas fir needles to create nanoparticles that were then used to create an “antimicrobial, self-sterilizing composite material…essentially a silver/chitosan bionanocomposite” [that’s bio-nano-composite]. The material can be used to safely coat medical implants and surgical devices to prevent bacteria from growing. Bacterial infection at the site of implanted devices, prosthetics and sensors is “one of the most troubling problems in biomedicine,” according to the article in Biomedical Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.

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Know what you’re getting into – new programs to prep nanotech technicians

University of Washington quad in Spring
University of Washington quad in Spring (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Leave it to Seattle, the hotbed of software programming geniuses. Its local North Seattle Community College has invented a new certificate program and a new 2-year degree called AAS-T, Associate of Applied Science in Nanotechnology.  They’re collaborating with the University of Washington, which has comprehensive nanotech facilities, to prepare bunches of young people to become skilled technicians and fill an expected large number of jobs in the field of nano.

I’d advise anyone thinking of taking the program to conduct due diligence on the safety of working with nanofibers. See my earlier post on the length of inhaled fibers that lead to lung diseases. And get formal written assurances from the schools.

Remember, for decades many companies did not tell their workers about the dangers of asbestos fibers until the law forced them.

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Dramatic results treating acute heart failure with modified pregnancy hormone

Final weeks of pregnancy
Final weeks of pregnancy (Photo credit: storyvillegirl)

Yep. In a trial with more than 1000 patients hospitalized for acute heart failure, deaths from any cause were 37 percent fewer in the six months following hospitalization. The treatment also resulted in a marked reduction in worsening of heart failure during the hospitalization.

The drug is called serelaxin, and it’s a derivative form of the pregnancy hormone relaxin. “It relaxes blood vessels and eases stress on the heart and other organs.” (I’m betting it involves nitric oxide somehow.) “Patients who received 48 hours of continuously infused serelaxin experienced more than 45 percent fewer episodes of worsening heart failure symptoms than those who got a placebo.”

P.S.  It also cut hospital stays by up to a full day and improved symptoms of breathlessness (dyspnea). Novartis plans to seek approval to market the drug.

When I think about the stress the body undergoes during pregnancy, it makes perfect sense that the hormones that flood the female body during that time have a protective effect on the mother’s whole system. What a brilliant idea it was to try to translate that into cardiac protectiveness in other situations.

Love that part about fewer deaths “from any cause” (emphasis is mine). This hormone may join nitric oxide as one of my favorite topics. Seems it just, as the old folks used to say, “does a body good.” I hope the FDA is able to quickly stamp its approval.

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Wrist-to-heart access is better than through the groin

Just read that bleeding and other complications were significantly less when doctors access a person’s heart to insert a stent via the radial artery in the arm instead of through the femoral artery in the groin. Of course, this study included only people who were having ST-elevated myocardial infarctions (STEMI, as opposed to non-ST-elevated MIs). See here for the difference between STEMI and non-STEMI heart attacks.

All the 700-plus patients chosen for the study had to be eligible for either procedure. Eighty percent of them also received PCI (angioplasty). Every indicator except one was markedly better with the wrist-to-heart rather than groin-t0-heart approach.

Having experienced both types of access for other purposes, I’m happy to hear the wrist is better. It sure felt less invasive to me. And even though these results are preliminary and still need to be confirmed in a peer-reviewed journal, the shorter and less intimate path through the wrist just sounds more sensible and less uncomfortable. They said, though, that sometimes women may have smaller arteries and the wrist approach might not work.

The hope, of course, is that this approach can be adapted for other types of heart issues where our limited knowledge still has us profoundly invading the body to get answers or provide solutions. And I’m sure that—like the blossoming promises of stem cell technology and nanotechnology—we will one day soon be able to get those answers and provide those solutions in simpler, less brutal ways.

Two-drug combo fights muscle loss and improves QOL for advanced cancer patients

English: Main symptoms of cancer metastasis. S...
English: Main symptoms of cancer metastasis. Sources are found in main article: Wikipedia:Metastasis#Symptoms. Model: Mikael Häggström. To discuss image, please see Wikipedia:Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Medicine/Archive 10#Illustrations of symptoms (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

I found this study about treating symptoms of advanced cancer the other day. The study shows quality of life improvement for advanced cancer patients by using “a two-drug combination (including nutraceuticals, i.e. antioxidants) with carnitine + celecoxib for the treatment of cancer-related anorexia/cachexia syndrome” (cachexia means loss of lean muscle mass and decreasing strength). The treatment is about reducing inflammation, possibly improving muscle strength, and thus improving quality of life.

My friend took it to her doctor and her doc, who said she hadn’t heard of this, started her on a related medication. My friend now reports she sleeps better due to a significant reduction in spinal pain and other symptoms.

How good it is to learn that some research I reported on is helping someone I know.

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Stem cells and gene therapy restore hearing, vision, smell in animals

English: Diagram to show how embryonic stem ce...
English: Diagram to show how embryonic stem cells are differentiated (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

A researcher spent ten years and finally succeeded in getting human stem cells to grow into two distinct types of cells—auditory neurons and inner-ear hair cells. And now he’s used the appropriate neuron-type cells to re-connect the inner ear to the brain. In other words, to restore nearly 50% of hearing in gerbils (whose inner-ear hairs had remained undamaged).

It’s very niche research, but it demonstrates that restoring hearing is definitely possible to some degree. Plus other research shows it’s possible to restore hearing to mice born deaf and yet other gene therapy research showing you can restore function to hair, eye and heart cells and smell in mice.

So much of historical medical research has focused on devising invasive, even barbaric methods of arresting sickness. We refer to it always as “fighting” disease, killing cells, conjuring up images of swords, bullets and bombs. As we continue to plumb the magical powers of stem cell and gene therapies, it’s encouraging to think of the balance now slowly tipping more and more toward non-invasive ways of restoring, gently giving back, quality of life to those who suffer.

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Danger from nanoparticles may depend on length of fibers

I’ve been worrying about potential danger from these guys ever since I first heard about them. Now comes some research indicating strongly that nanoparticles/nanofibers could be deadly to humans who are exposed to them. This particular research shows that it may be the length of the fibers that’s critical to whether they might eventually induce disease.

Some scientists set up the experiment with five types of silver nanofibers of various lengths and exposed mice to them. The mice developed inflammation in the pleura (the lining of the lungs) when exposed to fibers of a certain length—4 µm to be precise (that’s 4 millionths of a micron). We are talking tiny.

Asbestos fibres - a single fibre is believed t...
Asbestos fibres - a single fibre is believed to cause mesothelioma (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Since the pleura is exactly the same part of the body that is attacked when asbestos is breathed or ingested, researchers concluded their research could be relevant for colleagues investigating malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), a deadly and aggressive type of lung cancer. Mesothelioma, as yet incurable, is the subject of lawsuits across the US and around the world because so many corporations either negligently or deliberately concealed from workers the dangers of inhaling or ingesting asbestos.

Asbestos was and is (in third world countries where it is still being widely used without regard for its danger to humans) a highly profitable substance. Its fire-retardant and heat-resistant properties, as well as its ability to be flexible and to strengthen other substances have made it much sought-after for hundreds of years. Profits grew even as those who worked with it were being sickened because of inadequate protections. And the long latency period before asbestos diseases manifest has helped camouflage the disregard for human safety—people may develop mesothelioma cancer as late as 10, 20, 30 or even 50 years after being exposed to asbestos. Who was going to connect a lung disease in a 60-something-year-old with what he did for a living 30 years ago?

This new research is the first solid evidence I’ve seen that nanofibers may hold the same type of danger to human health and life as asbestos. And heaven knows, nanotechnology is looking to be even more profitable than asbestos. The permutations of products made better, stronger, more flexible—almost more anything you want—with nanotechnology seem almost limitless. As may also be the greed of those who stand to make enormous financial gains from its use.

Let’s hope all the profits and material gains do not come at the price of ever more human suffering andEnhanced by Zemanta lost lives.